The Opinion requested a better integration of cities and regions within the UNFCCC process and the global climate governance. It recommended a COP Decision to follow for instance the model of the Convention of Biological Diversity which adopted a plan for cities and regions on biodiversity. While there is no such plan within the UNFCCC, the COP21 allowed major progress in a better institutionalisation of relations between Parties and non-Parties stakeholders.
The Paris agreement recognised the important role non-Party stakeholders play in addressing climate change, including cities and subnational authorities. It welcomed the continued efforts of non-Party stakeholders to address climate change, and the role of cities and regions in adaptation and accelerated efforts even before the Paris agreement is scheduled to enter into force in 2020.
Further, the Paris outcome invites for continued dialogue between Parties and non-Party stakeholders, both at technical and political level, to explore options for enhanced action on mitigation and adaptation prior to 2020. Regular high level events and the creation of the position of high-level climate champions to be the bridge between Parties and non-Parties helps to create a space for engagement and expression from non-state actors. It also sets the stage for announcing new voluntary initiatives and reviewing progress with existing ones.
In this respect the EU delegation - the European Commission and the EU Presidency - have promoted the vision of an inclusive and transparent governance on climate, with a territorial approach. The EU delegation also stressed its support for cities and regions on climate by enhancing the capacities and visibility of the Covenant of Mayors, making it global, showcasing it as an essential EU best practice.
Following the COP21, the European Commission shortly issued a communication "The Road from Paris" which clearly stated its commitment to multi-level governance at EU and international level as well as a new focus on cities to implement climate action on the ground.